M.T. is an 18-month-old, 20-kg male who presents to the emergency department in status epilepticus, which has continued for approximately 20 minutes. He was brought to the emergency department from a small community via a family vehicle. He has not received any care at this point. The nursing staff has attempted several intravenous line insertions but were unable to gain access. M.T. continues to convulse without interruption.
1. Which of the following would be the most appropriate route of administration for an anticonvulsant to consider for M.T. and why?
a) Intramuscular
b) Percutaneous
c) Subcutaneous
d) Rectal
2. Midazolam is a benzodiazepine that can be used effectively for status epilepticus. Which of the following routes of administration has been used effectively for the delivery of midazolam when intravenous access in unobtainable?
a) Percutaneous
b) Mucosal
c) Oral
d) Subcutaneous
3. Which of the following is true regarding the percutaneous absorption of medications?
a) The absorption of compounds is inversely related to the thickness of the skin
b) The absorption of compounds is inversely related to the hydration of the skin
c) Body surface area (BSA) is decreased, relative to body mass, in the infant and young child when compared with older children and adults
d) The percutaneous administration of medications is reliable and safe in the infant and young child.
4. What are the advantages of utilizing the mucosal route of administration?
a) Some medications have very good absorption and systemic effect when administered by nasal spray
b) Nasal (mucosal) administration avoids the trauma of intravenous line placement
c) Nasal administration of medication is typically less expensive than intravenous administration
d) All of the above are advantages of the mucosal route of administration
K.F. is a 23-year-old female with a history of acne and bipolar disorder. She currently takes lithium to treat her bipolar disorder and isotretinoin (Accutane) for her acne. She also occasionally takes famotidine for reflux.
1. Should K.F. become pregnant, which of the following would be considered safe for her to continue taking? Why? Why are the others considered unsafe during pregnancy (pregnancy rating, potential adverse fetal and maternal effects)?
a) Accutane
b) Lithium
c) Famotidine
2. One year later, K.F. is seen again in your clinic. Her acne and bipolare medications have been discontinued and she now presents 4 months pregnant with a complaint of pain and rising fever over the last 5 days. Lab tests show gram-negative bacilli and Widal test comes out positive. Which of the following drugs will most likely be administered and why? Why will the other drugs not be administered?
a) Ampicillin
b) Ciprofloxacin
c) Levofloxacin
d) Tetracycline
